十大最常用电(dian)子元器件(jian)有(you)哪些(xie)及(ji)元器件(jian)知识解析-KIA MOS管(guan)
信息(xi)来源：本站(zhan) 日(ri)期：2020-03-10
十(shi)大最(zui)常用电子(zi)元(yuan)器件有哪些及元(yuan)器件知识解(jie)析 ，对于从事电子(zi)行业的工(gong)程(cheng)师来说，电子(zi)元(yuan)器件就像人们日(ri)常进(jin)口的米(mi)饭一样(yang)，是每天都需(xu)要(yao)去接(jie)触，每天都需(xu)要(yao)用到的，但其(qi)实里面的门门道道很多工(gong)程(cheng)师未必了(le)解(jie)。这(zhei)里列举出工(gong)程(cheng)师们常用的十(shi)大电子(zi)元(yuan)器件，及相(xiang)关的基础概念(nian)和知识。
十大最常用(yong)电(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)元器件之一(yi)就是电(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。作为(wei)电(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)行业的(de)(de)工作者，电(dian)阻(zu)(zu)是无人不知无人不晓的(de)(de)。它的(de)(de)重要性，毋庸置(zhi)疑。人们(men)都说“电(dian)阻(zu)(zu)是所有电(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)电(dian)路中使(shi)用(yong)最多的(de)(de)元件。”
电(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，因为(wei)物质对电(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)产生的阻(zu)碍(ai)作用，所以称其该作用下的电(dian)(dian)阻(zu)物质。电(dian)(dian)阻(zu)将会导致(zhi)电(dian)(dian)子(zi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)量的变化，电(dian)(dian)阻(zu)越小(xiao)，电(dian)(dian)子(zi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)量越大，反(fan)之亦然。没(mei)有电(dian)(dian)阻(zu)或电(dian)(dian)阻(zu)很小(xiao)的物质称其为(wei)电(dian)(dian)导体，简(jian)称导体。不能形成电(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)传输(shu)的物质称为(wei)电(dian)(dian)绝缘体，简(jian)称绝缘体。
电(dian)阻(zu)(zu)元件的(de)(de)电(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)大小一般与温度有关(guan)，衡(heng)量电(dian)阻(zu)(zu)受温度影响大小的(de)(de)物理(li)量是温度系数，其定义为温度每升高1℃时(shi)电(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)发(fa)生变化的(de)(de)百分(fen)数。
电(dian)(dian)阻在电(dian)(dian)路(lu)中用“R”加数字(zi)表示，如：R1表示编号(hao)为1的电(dian)(dian)阻。电(dian)(dian)阻在电(dian)(dian)路(lu)中的主(zhu)要作(zuo)用为分流、限(xian)流、分压、偏置等。
1、参数识(shi)别：电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)单位为欧姆(Ω)，倍率单位有：千欧(KΩ)，兆欧(MΩ)等(deng)。换(huan)算方(fang)法(fa)(fa)是：1兆欧=1000千欧=1000000欧电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)参数标(biao)(biao)(biao)注(zhu)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)有3种，即直标(biao)(biao)(biao)法(fa)(fa)、色(se)标(biao)(biao)(biao)法(fa)(fa)和数标(biao)(biao)(biao)法(fa)(fa)。a、数标(biao)(biao)(biao)法(fa)(fa)主要用(yong)于(yu)贴片(pian)等(deng)小体(ti)积的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路，如：472表(biao)示47×100Ω(即4.7K);104则表(biao)示100Kb、色(se)环标(biao)(biao)(biao)注(zhu)法(fa)(fa)使用(yong)最(zui)多，现举例如下：四色(se)环电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻五色(se)环电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(精(jing)密(mi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻)。
2、电阻(zu)的色(se)标位置和倍率关系如下表所示：颜色(se)有效(xiao)数(shu)字(zi)倍率允许偏差(%)银色(se)/x0.01±10金(jin)色(se)/x0.1±5黑色(se)0+0/棕色(se)1x10±1红色(se)2x100±2橙(cheng)色(se)3x1000/黄色(se)4x10000/绿色(se)5x100000±0.5蓝(lan)色(se)6x1000000±0.2紫色(se)7x10000000±0.1灰色(se)8x100000000/白色(se)9x1000000000/。
电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(或电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)，Capacitance)指的(de)(de)是在(zai)给(ji)定(ding)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差下(xia)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)储(chu)(chu)藏(zang)量(liang)(liang);记为C，国际(ji)单位(wei)是法拉(F)。一般来说，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)在(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)场中(zhong)会受力而移动，当导(dao)体之间有了介质，则阻碍了电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)移动而使得电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)累积在(zai)导(dao)体上;造成电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)累积储(chu)(chu)存，最常见的(de)(de)例子(zi)就是两片平(ping)行金属板(ban)。也(ye)是电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)的(de)(de)俗称。
1、电(dian)(dian)容在电(dian)(dian)路中一(yi)般用(yong)“C”加数字表(biao)示(shi)(shi)(如(ru)C13表(biao)示(shi)(shi)编号为13的(de)电(dian)(dian)容)。电(dian)(dian)容是(shi)由两片金属(shu)膜紧(jin)靠(kao)，中间(jian)用(yong)绝(jue)缘材料隔开而组成的(de)元件。电(dian)(dian)容的(de)特性主要是(shi)隔直流(liu)(liu)通交流(liu)(liu)。电(dian)(dian)容容量的(de)大小(xiao)就是(shi)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)能(neng)贮(zhu)存电(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)大小(xiao)，电(dian)(dian)容对交流(liu)(liu)信号的(de)阻(zu)碍作用(yong)称为容抗(kang)，它(ta)与(yu)交流(liu)(liu)信号的(de)频率和(he)电(dian)(dian)容量有(you)关。
2、识(shi)别(bie)(bie)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)：电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)识(shi)别(bie)(bie)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)与(yu)电(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)识(shi)别(bie)(bie)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)基本(ben)相同，分直标(biao)法(fa)(fa)、色标(biao)法(fa)(fa)和数(shu)标(biao)法(fa)(fa)3种(zhong)。电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)基本(ben)单(dan)位(wei)用法(fa)(fa)拉(F)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)，其它单(dan)位(wei)还(hai)有：毫(hao)法(fa)(fa)(mF)、微法(fa)(fa)(uF)、纳(na)法(fa)(fa)(nF)、皮法(fa)(fa)(pF)。其中(zhong)：1法(fa)(fa)拉=103毫(hao)法(fa)(fa)=106微法(fa)(fa)=109纳(na)法(fa)(fa)=1012皮法(fa)(fa)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)大(da)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)其容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)值在(zai)(zai)电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)上直接(jie)标(biao)明，如(ru)10uF/16V容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)小的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)其容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)值在(zai)(zai)电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)上用字(zi)(zi)母表(biao)示(shi)(shi)或数(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)母表(biao)示(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)：1m=1000uF1P2=1.2PF1n=1000PF数(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)：一般用三(san)(san)位(wei)数(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)大(da)小，前两位(wei)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)有效数(shu)字(zi)(zi)，第(di)三(san)(san)位(wei)数(shu)字(zi)(zi)是倍率。如(ru)：102表(biao)示(shi)(shi)10×102PF=1000PF224表(biao)示(shi)(shi)22×104PF=0.22uF3、电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)误差(cha)表(biao)符号FGJKLM允(yun)许误差(cha)±1%±2%±5%±10%±15%±20%如(ru)：一瓷(ci)片电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)为(wei)104J表(biao)示(shi)(shi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)为(wei)0.1uF、误差(cha)为(wei)±5%。
晶(jing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)二极管(guan)(crystaldiode)固态电(dian)(dian)子器(qi)件(jian)中的(de)(de)半导(dao)体(ti)(ti)(ti)两端器(qi)件(jian)。这些器(qi)件(jian)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)特征是具(ju)有非线性的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)流(liu)-电(dian)(dian)压(ya)特性。此(ci)后随着半导(dao)体(ti)(ti)(ti)材料(liao)和工艺技(ji)术的(de)(de)发展(zhan)，利用(yong)(yong)不同的(de)(de)半导(dao)体(ti)(ti)(ti)材料(liao)、掺杂分布(bu)、几何结构，研制出结构种(zhong)类繁多、功能用(yong)(yong)途各异的(de)(de)多种(zhong)晶(jing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)二极管(guan)。制造材料(liao)有锗、硅及化合物半导(dao)体(ti)(ti)(ti)。晶(jing)体(ti)(ti)(ti)二极管(guan)可用(yong)(yong)来产(chan)生、控制、接收、变(bian)换、放大信(xin)号和进行(xing)能量(liang)转换等(deng)。
晶体二极管(guan)在(zai)电(dian)路(lu)中常用“D”加数字表示，如：D5表示编号为5的(de)二极管(guan)。
1、作(zuo)用：二极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)主要特性(xing)(xing)是单向(xiang)(xiang)导电性(xing)(xing)，也就是在正(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)电压(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用下(xia)，导通电阻(zu)很小;而在反(fan)向(xiang)(xiang)电压(ya)(ya)作(zuo)用下(xia)导通电阻(zu)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)大(da)或无(wu)穷大(da)。正(zheng)(zheng)因为二极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)具有上述特性(xing)(xing)，无(wu)绳电话(hua)(hua)机(ji)(ji)中常(chang)把它(ta)用在整流、隔离(li)、稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)、极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)护、编(bian)码控制、调频(pin)调制和静噪等(deng)电路中。电话(hua)(hua)机(ji)(ji)里使用的(de)(de)晶(jing)体二极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)按作(zuo)用可分为：整流二极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(如(ru)1N4004)、隔离(li)二极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(如(ru)1N4148)、肖特基二极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(如(ru)BAT85)、发光二极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)二极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)等(deng)。
2、识别方(fang)法：二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)识别很简单，小功(gong)率二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)N极(ji)(负极(ji))，在(zai)二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)外表(biao)大多(duo)采用一种色圈(quan)标出来(lai)，有(you)些二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)也用二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)专(zhuan)用符(fu)号来(lai)表(biao)示P极(ji)(正(zheng)极(ji))或N极(ji)(负极(ji))，也有(you)采用符(fu)号标志为(wei)“P”、“N”来(lai)确定二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)极(ji)性的(de)(de)。发光二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)正(zheng)负极(ji)可(ke)从引脚长短(duan)来(lai)识别，长脚为(wei)正(zheng)，短(duan)脚为(wei)负。
3、测(ce)试注意事项：用(yong)数字式万用(yong)表去测(ce)二(er)(er)极(ji)管时(shi)，红(hong)表笔接二(er)(er)极(ji)管的正极(ji)，黑表笔接二(er)(er)极(ji)管的负极(ji)，此时(shi)测(ce)得的阻值才是(shi)二(er)(er)极(ji)管的正向导通阻值，这与指针式万用(yong)表的表笔接法刚好相反(fan)。
4、常用的1N4000系列(lie)二(er)极管耐压比(bi)较如下：型号1N4001 1N4002 1N4003 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N4007耐压(V)50 100 200 400 600 800 1000电(dian)流(liu)(A)均为1。
二极(ji)管(guan)(又叫齐纳二极(ji)管(guan)),此二极(ji)管(guan)是一种直到(dao)临(lin)界反(fan)向击穿电(dian)压前(qian)都具有很高电(dian)阻(zu)的半导体器(qi)件.稳(wen)压二极(ji)管(guan)在(zai)电(dian)路中(zhong)常用“ZD”加(jia)数字表示(shi)，如：ZD5表示(shi)编号为5的稳(wen)压管(guan)。
1、稳压(ya)二极(ji)管的稳压(ya)原理：稳压(ya)二极(ji)管的特点就是击穿后，其(qi)两端的电压(ya)基本保持不变。这样，当把稳压(ya)管接入电路以后，若由于电源电压(ya)发生波动，或其(qi)它(ta)原因造(zao)成电路中各(ge)点电压(ya)变动时，负载两端的电压(ya)将(jiang)基本保持不变。
2、故(gu)障特点：稳(wen)(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)二极管的(de)故(gu)障主要表(biao)(biao)现在开(kai)路(lu)、短(duan)路(lu)和稳(wen)(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)值不稳(wen)(wen)(wen)定。在这3种(zhong)故(gu)障中，前一种(zhong)故(gu)障表(biao)(biao)现出(chu)电(dian)源电(dian)压(ya)(ya)升(sheng)高;后2种(zhong)故(gu)障表(biao)(biao)现为电(dian)源电(dian)压(ya)(ya)变低(di)到零伏或输出(chu)不稳(wen)(wen)(wen)定。常用稳(wen)(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)二极管的(de)型(xing)号及稳(wen)(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)值如下表(biao)(biao)：型(xing)号1N4728 1N4729 1N4730 1N4732 1N4733 1N4734 1N4735 1N4744 1N4750 1N4751 1N4761稳(wen)(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)值3.3V 3.6V 3.9V 4.7V 5.1V 5.6V 6.2V 15V 27V 30V 75V。
电(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)：当线(xian)圈(quan)(quan)通过(guo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)后(hou)，在线(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中形成磁场感(gan)应，感(gan)应磁场又会(hui)产生感(gan)应电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)来(lai)抵制(zhi)通过(guo)线(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中的电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。我(wo)们(men)把这种电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)与线(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的相互作用关系(xi)称其为电(dian)(dian)(dian)的感(gan)抗，也就是电(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)，单位(wei)是“亨利”(H)。也可利用此(ci)性质制(zhi)成电(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)元件。
电(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)常用“L”加数字(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)，如：L6表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)编号为(wei)6的(de)电(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)。电(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)是将绝(jue)缘的(de)导(dao)线(xian)(xian)在(zai)绝(jue)缘的(de)骨架上绕一定的(de)圈(quan)数制成(cheng)。直流可通过(guo)线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)，直流电(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)就是导(dao)线(xian)(xian)本身的(de)电(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，压降很小;当交(jiao)流信号通过(guo)线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)时，线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)两(liang)端将会(hui)产生自感(gan)(gan)(gan)电(dian)(dian)动(dong)势(shi)，自感(gan)(gan)(gan)电(dian)(dian)动(dong)势(shi)的(de)方向与外(wai)加电(dian)(dian)压的(de)方向相反，阻(zu)(zu)碍(ai)交(jiao)流的(de)通过(guo)，所以(yi)电(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)特(te)性是通直流阻(zu)(zu)交(jiao)流，频率越高(gao)，线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)阻(zu)(zu)抗越大。电(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)可与电(dian)(dian)容(rong)组成(cheng)振(zhen)荡电(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。电(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)一般有直标(biao)法(fa)(fa)和色标(biao)法(fa)(fa)，色标(biao)法(fa)(fa)与电(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)类似。如：棕、黑、金、金表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)1uH(误差(cha)5%)的(de)电(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)。
电(dian)感的基(ji)本单(dan)位(wei)为(wei)：亨(H)换(huan)算单(dan)位(wei)有(you)：1H=103mH=106uH。
变(bian)容(rong)二(er)极(ji)(ji)管(VaractorDiodes)又称"可变(bian)电(dian)抗二(er)极(ji)(ji)管"。是一种利用PN结(jie)电(dian)容(rong)(势(shi)垒电(dian)容(rong))与其反向偏置电(dian)压Vr的依赖关系及原理(li)制(zhi)成的二(er)极(ji)(ji)管，其结(jie)构如右图(tu)所示(shi)。
管(guan)(guan)变(bian)(bian)(bian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)根据普通二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)内部(bu)“PN结”的(de)结电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)能(neng)随外加反向电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)的(de)变(bian)(bian)(bian)化而变(bian)(bian)(bian)化这一原理专(zhuan)门(men)设计出来(lai)的(de)一种(zhong)特(te)殊(shu)二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)。变(bian)(bian)(bian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)在无绳电(dian)(dian)话机(ji)中主要用在手(shou)机(ji)或(huo)(huo)座(zuo)机(ji)的(de)高频(pin)调(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，实现低(di)频(pin)信号(hao)调(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)到高频(pin)信号(hao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，并发(fa)(fa)射(she)出去。在工作(zuo)状态(tai)，变(bian)(bian)(bian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)调(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)一般加到负极(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，使(shi)变(bian)(bian)(bian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)内部(bu)结电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量随调(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)的(de)变(bian)(bian)(bian)化而变(bian)(bian)(bian)化。变(bian)(bian)(bian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)发(fa)(fa)生故障，主要表现为(wei)漏电(dian)(dian)或(huo)(huo)性能(neng)变(bian)(bian)(bian)差(cha)：(1)发(fa)(fa)生漏电(dian)(dian)现象时，高频(pin)调(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)将不工作(zuo)或(huo)(huo)调(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性能(neng)变(bian)(bian)(bian)差(cha)。(2)变(bian)(bian)(bian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)性能(neng)变(bian)(bian)(bian)差(cha)时，高频(pin)调(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)工作(zuo)不稳定(ding)，使(shi)调(diao)(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)的(de)高频(pin)信号(hao)发(fa)(fa)送到对方被对方接收后(hou)产生失真。出现上(shang)(shang)(shang)述情况之一时，就(jiu)应该更换同型号(hao)的(de)变(bian)(bian)(bian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)二(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)。
晶体(ti)三(san)极管，是(shi)半(ban)导(dao)体(ti)基本元(yuan)器件之一(yi)，具有(you)电(dian)流(liu)放大作(zuo)用(yong)，是(shi)电(dian)子(zi)电(dian)路(lu)的核(he)心元(yuan)件。三(san)极管是(shi)在一(yi)块半(ban)导(dao)体(ti)基片上制作(zuo)两(liang)个相距很(hen)近的PN结，两(liang)个PN结把正(zheng)块半(ban)导(dao)体(ti)分成三(san)部(bu)分，中(zhong)间部(bu)分是(shi)基区(qu)，两(liang)侧部(bu)分是(shi)发射区(qu)和(he)集电(dian)区(qu)，排列方式有(you)PNP和(he)NPN两(liang)种。
晶体三极管在(zai)电路中(zhong)常用“Q”加数字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)，如：Q17表(biao)示(shi)编号为17的三极管。
1、特点：晶(jing)体三(san)极管(guan)(简称三(san)极管(guan))是内部含有2个(ge)PN结(jie)，并且(qie)具(ju)有放大能(neng)力的(de)(de)特殊器件。它分NPN型(xing)(xing)(xing)和PNP型(xing)(xing)(xing)两种类型(xing)(xing)(xing)，这两种类型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)三(san)极管(guan)从(cong)工作(zuo)特性上可(ke)互相弥补，所(suo)谓OTL电(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)对管(guan)就是由PNP型(xing)(xing)(xing)和NPN型(xing)(xing)(xing)配对使用。电(dian)话机中(zhong)常用的(de)(de)PNP型(xing)(xing)(xing)三(san)极管(guan)有：A92、9015等(deng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)号;NPN型(xing)(xing)(xing)三(san)极管(guan)有：A42、9014、9018、9013、9012等(deng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)号。
2、晶体(ti)(ti)三(san)极(ji)(ji)管主要用于(yu)(yu)放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)起放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)作用，在常见电(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)有三(san)种接法。为了便于(yu)(yu)比较，将晶体(ti)(ti)管三(san)种接法电(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)所(suo)具有的特点(dian)列于(yu)(yu)下表(biao)，供大(da)(da)家参(can)考。名称共发射极(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)共集电(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(射极(ji)(ji)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)器(qi))共基极(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)输(shu)(shu)入(ru)阻抗中(zhong)(几百(bai)欧(ou)(ou)～几千(qian)欧(ou)(ou))大(da)(da)(几十千(qian)欧(ou)(ou)以上)小(xiao)(xiao)(几欧(ou)(ou)～几十欧(ou)(ou))输(shu)(shu)出(chu)阻抗中(zhong)(几千(qian)欧(ou)(ou)～几十千(qian)欧(ou)(ou))小(xiao)(xiao)(几欧(ou)(ou)～几十欧(ou)(ou))大(da)(da)(几十千(qian)欧(ou)(ou)～几百(bai)千(qian)欧(ou)(ou))电(dian)(dian)压(ya)放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)倍数大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)1并接近于(yu)(yu)1)大(da)(da)电(dian)(dian)流放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)倍数大(da)(da)(几十)大(da)(da)(几十)小(xiao)(xiao)(小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)1并接近于(yu)(yu)1)功率放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)倍数大(da)(da)(约(yue)(yue)30～40分贝(bei))小(xiao)(xiao)(约(yue)(yue)10分贝(bei))中(zhong)(约(yue)(yue)15～20分贝(bei))频率特性(xing)高频差(cha)好好续表(biao)应用多级放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)器(qi)中(zhong)间(jian)级，低频放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)输(shu)(shu)入(ru)级、输(shu)(shu)出(chu)级或(huo)作阻抗匹(pi)配用高频或(huo)宽频带(dai)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)及恒流源电(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。
场效应(ying)晶(jing)(jing)体管(guan)(FieldEffectTransistor缩写(FET))简称场效应(ying)管(guan)。由多数载流子参(can)与(yu)导电(dian)，也称为单极型晶(jing)(jing)体管(guan)。它属于电(dian)压(ya)控制型半导体器件。具有输入电(dian)阻高(108～109Ω)、噪声(sheng)小(xiao)、功耗低、动(dong)态范围大(da)、易于集成、没(mei)有二次击(ji)穿现象、安全工作(zuo)区域(yu)宽等优点(dian)，现已成为双极型晶(jing)(jing)体管(guan)和(he)功率(lv)晶(jing)(jing)体管(guan)的强(qiang)大(da)竞争(zheng)者(zhe)。
1、场(chang)效应(ying)晶(jing)体管具有较高输(shu)入(ru)阻抗和低噪声等优(you)点，因而(er)也被广泛应(ying)用于各种(zhong)电(dian)子设(she)备中。尤其用场(chang)效管做整个电(dian)子设(she)备的输(shu)入(ru)级(ji)，可以获得一般晶(jing)体管很难(nan)达到(dao)的性能。
2、场效应管分成结型(xing)和(he)绝缘栅型(xing)两大(da)类(lei)，其控(kong)制原理(li)都是一样的。如图1-1-1是两种型(xing)号的表(biao)示符号：
3、场效应管(guan)与晶(jing)体管(guan)的比较
(1)场效应(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)管是电(dian)压控(kong)制元件，而晶体管是电(dian)流控(kong)制元件。在(zai)只允许从信号(hao)源取较少电(dian)流的(de)情况下，应(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)选用场效应(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)管;而在(zai)信号(hao)电(dian)压较低，又允许从信号(hao)源取较多电(dian)流的(de)条件下，应(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)选用晶体管。
(2)场效应管(guan)是利用多数载(zai)流(liu)子(zi)导电，所以(yi)称之(zhi)为(wei)单极型器件，而(er)晶体管(guan)是即有多数载(zai)流(liu)子(zi)，也利用少(shao)数载(zai)流(liu)子(zi)导电。被(bei)称之(zhi)为(wei)双(shuang)极型器件。
(3)有些场效应管(guan)的源极和漏极可(ke)(ke)(ke)以互换使用，栅(zha)压(ya)也可(ke)(ke)(ke)正可(ke)(ke)(ke)负，灵活性比晶(jing)体管(guan)好。
(4)场(chang)(chang)效应管能在(zai)很(hen)小电流和很(hen)低(di)电压(ya)的(de)条件(jian)下工(gong)作，而且它的(de)制造工(gong)艺可以很(hen)方便地把(ba)很(hen)多(duo)场(chang)(chang)效应管集(ji)成在(zai)一块硅片上，因此场(chang)(chang)效应管在(zai)大规模集(ji)成电路中(zhong)得到了广泛的(de)应用(yong)。
传感器(qi)是一(yi)种物(wu)理装置或(huo)生物(wu)器(qi)官，能够探测、感受外界的(de)信号、物(wu)理条(tiao)件(jian)(如(ru)光、热、湿度)或(huo)化学组成(如(ru)烟(yan)雾)，并将(jiang)探知的(de)信息传递给其(qi)他装置或(huo)器(qi)官。
国家标准GB7665-87对(dui)传感(gan)器(qi)下(xia)的(de)(de)定(ding)义是：“能(neng)感(gan)受规(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)被(bei)测(ce)(ce)(ce)量件(jian)并按(an)照一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)规(gui)律(lv)转换成可用(yong)信(xin)(xin)号的(de)(de)器(qi)件(jian)或(huo)(huo)装置，通(tong)常(chang)由敏感(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)和(he)转换元(yuan)件(jian)组成”。传感(gan)器(qi)是一(yi)(yi)种(zhong)检(jian)测(ce)(ce)(ce)装置，能(neng)感(gan)受到被(bei)测(ce)(ce)(ce)量的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息，并能(neng)将检(jian)测(ce)(ce)(ce)感(gan)受到的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息，按(an)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)规(gui)律(lv)变换成为(wei)电信(xin)(xin)号或(huo)(huo)其他所需形式的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息输(shu)(shu)出，以满足信(xin)(xin)息的(de)(de)传输(shu)(shu)、处(chu)理、存储、显示、记录和(he)控(kong)制等要求。它(ta)是实(shi)现(xian)自(zi)动(dong)检(jian)测(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)自(zi)动(dong)控(kong)制的(de)(de)首要环节。
“传(chuan)感器”在新韦式大词典(dian)中定(ding)义为：
“从一个(ge)(ge)系(xi)统(tong)接(jie)受功率，通常以(yi)另(ling)一种(zhong)形式(shi)将功率送到第二个(ge)(ge)系(xi)统(tong)中(zhong)的(de)器(qi)件”。根据这个(ge)(ge)定义，传感器(qi)的(de)作用是将一种(zhong)能量转换成另(ling)一种(zhong)能量形式(shi)，所(suo)以(yi)不少学者也用“换能器(qi)-Transducer”来称谓“传感器(qi)-Sensor”。
变压(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(Transformer)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)电磁(ci)感应的(de)原理来(lai)改变交流电压(ya)(ya)的(de)装置，主(zhu)要构件是(shi)(shi)初级线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)、次级线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)和(he)铁心(磁(ci)芯)。在(zai)电器(qi)(qi)设(she)备(bei)和(he)无线(xian)(xian)电路中，常用(yong)作升降电压(ya)(ya)、匹配阻抗(kang)(kang)，安(an)全隔(ge)(ge)离等(deng)。在(zai)发(fa)电机中，不(bu)(bu)管是(shi)(shi)线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)运(yun)动(dong)(dong)通(tong)(tong)过磁(ci)场或磁(ci)场运(yun)动(dong)(dong)通(tong)(tong)过固(gu)定(ding)线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)，均能在(zai)线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中感应电势，此两种(zhong)情况(kuang)，磁(ci)通(tong)(tong)的(de)值均不(bu)(bu)变，但与线(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)相(xiang)交链的(de)磁(ci)通(tong)(tong)数(shu)量却有(you)变动(dong)(dong)，这是(shi)(shi)互感应的(de)原理。变压(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)就是(shi)(shi)一种(zhong)利用(yong)电磁(ci)互感应，变换电压(ya)(ya)，电流和(he)阻抗(kang)(kang)的(de)器(qi)(qi)件。变压(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)功能主(zhu)要有(you)：电压(ya)(ya)变换;电流变换，阻抗(kang)(kang)变换;隔(ge)(ge)离;稳压(ya)(ya)(磁(ci)饱和(he)变压(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi))等(deng)。
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