稳压电源电路图(tu)大全-电路图(tu)原理分析(xi)及典型电路图(tu)详解-KIA MOS管
信息来源：本站 日期(qi)：2018-09-28
10A可(ke)(ke)调(diao)(diao)稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)图与普通(tong)串联(lian)型稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)基本相同，所(suo)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)是使用了(le)具有温度补偿特性的(de)(de)(de)，高(gao)精度的(de)(de)(de)标(biao)准电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)源(yuan)(yuan)集成电(dian)(dian)路(lu)TL431，所(suo)以(yi)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)简单，易于制作，且稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)性能很高(gao)。图中电(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R4，稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)集成电(dian)(dian)路(lu)TL431和(he)可(ke)(ke)调(diao)(diao)电(dian)(dian)位器(qi)R*组成一(yi)个(ge)连续可(ke)(ke)调(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)恒压(ya)(ya)(ya)源(yuan)(yuan)，为BG2基极提(ti)供基准电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)，稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)集成电(dian)(dian)路(lu)TL431的(de)(de)(de)稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)连续可(ke)(ke)调(diao)(diao)，这个(ge)稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)决定了(le)稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)最大输出电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)，如果想把可(ke)(ke)调(diao)(diao)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)围扩大，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)改(gai)变R4和(he)可(ke)(ke)调(diao)(diao)电(dian)(dian)位器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)。
变压器功率(lv)选(xuan)择在200W左右，次级电压15V。整(zheng)流桥四支(zhi)二极管(guan)选(xuan)用2CZ58C（10A/100V）。稳压调整(zheng)管(guan)BG1应(ying)选(xuan)用金属封装的大功率(lv)三(san)极管(guan)，由于它的发(fa)热量很大，应(ying)尽量加大散热片面积。
本(ben)电(dian)路(lu)通过简单的电(dian)路(lu)结构(gou)能(neng)够实(shi)现(xian)可调的直流稳压(ya)电(dian)源，并且具电(dian)压(ya)指示，输出直流电(dian)压(ya)范围(wei)为0～30V。
电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)工作原(yuan)理：本电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)通(tong)过(guo)变(bian)压(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)T把(ba)220V的(de)交流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)加在(zai)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)侧(ce)(ce)W1后，在(zai)二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)侧(ce)(ce)W2和W3分别得到(dao)35V和6V的(de)交流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)，二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)侧(ce)(ce)W2端(duan)通(tong)过(guo)二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)VD1～VD4整(zheng)流(liu)、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)C1、C2滤波后输(shu)入到(dao)IC三端(duan)集(ji)成稳压(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)输(shu)入端(duan)，通(tong)过(guo)由IC稳压(ya)(ya)集(ji)成电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)R1和电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi) C4输(shu)出(chu)35V的(de)直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)。二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)侧(ce)(ce)的(de)W3线圈输(shu)出(chu)的(de)6V的(de)交流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)通(tong)过(guo)二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)VD5、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)C3、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)R2和稳压(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)VS输(shu)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)个－1.25V的(de)负电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)作为(wei)辅助电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。变(bian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)RP加在(zai)IC集(ji)成电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)控制端(duan)，通(tong)过(guo)调节(jie)变(bian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)RP能够使输(shu)出(chu)端(duan)输(shu)出(chu)0~30V的(de)直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。IC选用(yong)(yong)(yong)LM317三端(duan)稳压(ya)(ya)集(ji)成电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)；R1、R选用(yong)(yong)(yong)1/2W型金(jin)属膜(mo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；C1、C3选用(yong)(yong)(yong)耐(nai)压(ya)(ya)分别为(wei)50V和10V的(de)铝电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，C2、C4选用(yong)(yong)(yong)CD11—16V电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；VD1~VD5选用(yong)(yong)(yong)IN4007硅(gui)(gui)型整(zheng)流(liu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)；VS选用(yong)(yong)(yong)IN4106或2CW60硅(gui)(gui)稳压(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)；RP可用(yong)(yong)(yong)WSW型有机实心微调可变(bian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；T选用(yong)(yong)(yong)10W、二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)侧(ce)(ce)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)为(wei)35V和6V的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)变(bian)压(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。
7800系列三端稳压(ya)集成电(dian)(dian)路(lu)广泛用(yong)(yong)于(yu)各(ge)种电(dian)(dian)子电(dian)(dian)器电(dian)(dian)路(lu)中用(yong)(yong)作电(dian)(dian)源稳压(ya)，它(ta)的输出电(dian)(dian)压(ya)是固(gu)定(ding)的，但(dan)如果对外围电(dian)(dian)路(lu)稍作改动就可以是一个不错(cuo)的连(lian)续(xu)可调稳压(ya)电(dian)(dian)源，用(yong)(yong)作实验检修(xiu)之用(yong)(yong)完全可行。
制作(zuo)之前需了解：7800系列(lie)(lie)三端(duan)稳压(ya)器(qi)按(an)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)电流区(qu)分(fen)(fen)有三种系列(lie)(lie)，分(fen)(fen)别是78L00系列(lie)(lie)最大(da)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)电流0.1A；78M00系列(lie)(lie)最大(da)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)电流0.5A；7800系列(lie)(lie)最大(da)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)电流1.5A。三端(duan)稳压(ya)器(qi)输(shu)(shu)入输(shu)(shu)出(chu)压(ya)差要(yao)大(da)于2V。7805－7818的最高(gao)输(shu)(shu)入电压(ya)不(bu)能超过35V，7820－7824最高(gao)输(shu)(shu)入电压(ya)不(bu)能超过40V。
如下(xia)图所示，可变电(dian)阻RW跟负载电(dian)阻RL组(zu)成一(yi)个分压(ya)电(dian)路，输出电(dian)压(ya)为：
7805制作的5V－12V连续可(ke)调(diao)稳压电源(yuan)
这里选用7805制作了(le)一个5V～12V连续可调的直(zhi)流(liu)稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)源实(shi)例。图中(zhong)R1、R2的取值(zhi)决定了(le)输(shu)出电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)的可调范(fan)围(wei)，按照图示(shi)取值(zhi)可在(zai)5～12V稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)范(fan)围(wei)内实(shi)现输(shu)出电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)连续可调。最(zui)(zui)高(gao)输(shu)出电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)受三端稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)器(qi)最(zui)(zui)大(da)输(shu)入电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)及最(zui)(zui)小输(shu)入输(shu)出压(ya)(ya)差(cha)的限制，7805最(zui)(zui)高(gao)输(shu)入电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)为(wei)35V，输(shu)入输(shu)出压(ya)(ya)差(cha)要(yao)保(bao)持(chi)在(zai)2V以(yi)上，因此(ci)该电(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)由于稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)器(qi)的直(zhi)流(liu)输(shu)入电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)约为(wei)15V，所以(yi)该电(dian)(dian)路的输(shu)出电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)最(zui)(zui)大(da)值(zhi)设定为(wei)12V。
Uo=Ui&TImes;RL/（RW+RL），因此通过调(diao)(diao)节RW的(de)(de)大小，即(ji)可改变输出(chu)电(dian)压(ya)的(de)(de)大小。请注意(yi)，在(zai)这个式(shi)子里，如果我们只看(kan)可调(diao)(diao)电(dian)阻RW的(de)(de)值(zhi)变化，Uo的(de)(de)输出(chu)并不是(shi)线(xian)性的(de)(de)，但如果把(ba)RW和(he)RL一起看(kan)，则(ze)是(shi)线(xian)性的(de)(de)。还要注意(yi)，我们这个图并没有(you)将(jiang)RW的(de)(de)引出(chu)端画成连到左边(bian)(bian)，而画在(zai)右(you)边(bian)(bian)。虽然这从公(gong)式(shi)上看(kan)并没有(you)什么区别，但画在(zai)右(you)边(bian)(bian)，却正好反映了“采样(yang)”和(he)“反馈(kui)”的(de)(de)概念----实际中的(de)(de)电(dian)源，绝大部分都是(shi)工作在(zai)采样(yang)和(he)反馈(kui)的(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)下的(de)(de)，使(shi)用(yong)前馈(kui)方法很少，或就是(shi)用(yong)了，也只是(shi)辅助方法而已。
让我(wo)(wo)们继续(xu)：如(ru)果我(wo)(wo)们用(yong)一(yi)个(ge)(ge)三极管(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)者场效应管(guan)(guan)(guan)，来代替(ti)图中的(de)(de)(de)可变阻器(qi)，并(bing)通(tong)过(guo)检测输出(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，来控制(zhi)这个(ge)(ge)“变阻器(qi)”阻值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，使输出(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)保持恒定(ding)(ding)，这样我(wo)(wo)们就实(shi)现了稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。这个(ge)(ge)三极管(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)者场效应管(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)用(yong)来调(diao)(diao)整(zheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)输出(chu)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)，所(suo)以叫做(zuo)调(diao)(diao)整(zheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)。像(xiang)图1所(suo)示的(de)(de)(de)那样，由于调(diao)(diao)整(zheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)串联(lian)(lian)在(zai)(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源跟负(fu)载之间，所(suo)以叫做(zuo)串联(lian)(lian)型(xing)稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。相应的(de)(de)(de)，还有并(bing)联(lian)(lian)型(xing)稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，就是(shi)将调(diao)(diao)整(zheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)跟负(fu)载并(bing)联(lian)(lian)来调(diao)(diao)节输出(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)基准稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)TL431就是(shi)一(yi)种并(bing)联(lian)(lian)型(xing)稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)。所(suo)谓并(bing)联(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)意思(si)，就是(shi)象图2中的(de)(de)(de)稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)那样，通(tong)过(guo)分流来保证(zheng)衰减放大(da)管(guan)(guan)(guan)射极电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)“稳定(ding)(ding)”，也许这个(ge)(ge)图并(bing)不能让你一(yi)下子看(kan)出(chu)它(ta)是(shi)“并(bing)联(lian)(lian)”的(de)(de)(de)，但细心一(yi)看(kan)，确(que)实(shi)如(ru)此(ci)(ci)。不过(guo)，大(da)家(jia)(jia)在(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)还要注(zhu)意一(yi)下：此(ci)(ci)处(chu)的(de)(de)(de)稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，是(shi)利用(yong)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)非线性区工作的(de)(de)(de)，因此(ci)(ci)，如(ru)果认为(wei)(wei)它(ta)是(shi)一(yi)个(ge)(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，它(ta)也是(shi)一(yi)个(ge)(ge)非线性电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。为(wei)(wei)了便于大(da)家(jia)(jia)理解(jie)，回头我(wo)(wo)们找一(yi)个(ge)(ge)理适合的(de)(de)(de)图来看(kan)，直(zhi)到可以简明地(di)看(kan)懂为(wei)(wei)止。
由于(yu)调整(zheng)管相当于(yu)一(yi)(yi)个电(dian)阻，电(dian)流流过电(dian)阻时会(hui)发热，所以工(gong)作在线(xian)(xian)性(xing)状(zhuang)态下的(de)调整(zheng)管，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)会(hui)产生大量的(de)热，导致(zhi)效率不高。这是线(xian)(xian)性(xing)稳压电(dian)源的(de)一(yi)(yi)个最主(zhu)(zhu)要的(de)一(yi)(yi)个缺点。想要更详细的(de)了解线(xian)(xian)性(xing)稳压电(dian)源，请参看模(mo)拟电(dian)子线(xian)(xian)路教科书(shu)。这里(li)我们主(zhu)(zhu)要是帮(bang)助大家理清(qing)这些概念(nian)以及它们之间的(de)关系。
如图所示为(wei)一(yi)种(zhong)典型的线性直流稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的电(dian)(dian)路图，它(ta)由(you)电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)开关K、保险(xian)管、AC—DC适配器、集成稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)器和后级滤(lv)波(bo)器组成。当输入220V交流电(dian)(dian)且开关K闭合时，输出一(yi)个稳(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)的直流电(dian)(dian)压(ya)，且稳(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)输出在一(yi)定(ding)(ding)范围内不(bu)受220V交流电(dian)(dian)网(wang)的波(bo)动和电(dian)(dian)子电(dian)(dian)路负(fu)载轻重的影响。
整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是将降低后的(de)工频交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)变换为(wei)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。图1.25展示了整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)工作(zuo)原理(li)。在交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)半周，变压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)次级(ji)上(shang)正(zheng)(zheng)下(xia)负(fu)(fu)(fu)，电(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)从(cong)正(zheng)(zheng)极(ji)(ji)经D1、负(fu)(fu)(fu)载和D3流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回变压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)负(fu)(fu)(fu)极(ji)(ji)，这样(yang)(yang)若忽(hu)略二极(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)导(dao)通(tong)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，在负(fu)(fu)(fu)载上(shang)得到一(yi)个大小与(yu)(yu)变压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)次级(ji)相同的(de)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)波形，极(ji)(ji)性为(wei)上(shang)正(zheng)(zheng)下(xia)负(fu)(fu)(fu)；在交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)负(fu)(fu)(fu)半周，变压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)次级(ji)上(shang)负(fu)(fu)(fu)下(xia)正(zheng)(zheng)，电(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)从(cong)正(zheng)(zheng)极(ji)(ji)经D2、负(fu)(fu)(fu)载和D4流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回变压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)负(fu)(fu)(fu)极(ji)(ji)，这样(yang)(yang)在负(fu)(fu)(fu)载也(ye)得到一(yi)个大小与(yu)(yu)变压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)次级(ji)相同的(de)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)波形，极(ji)(ji)性与(yu)(yu)正(zheng)(zheng)半周一(yi)样(yang)(yang)，也(ye)为(wei)上(shang)正(zheng)(zheng)下(xia)负(fu)(fu)(fu)。因(yin)此在交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)信号的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)负(fu)(fu)(fu)半周的(de)分别(bie)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)，整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)均输出单极(ji)(ji)性的(de)脉(mai)动电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，该输出的(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)成(cheng)份已大于零。
上图为简(jian)单稳(wen)压电路(lu)，由(you)限流电阻Rs和(he)稳(wen)压二(er)极(ji)管Dz组成。
开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)型稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)电(dian)路具有(you)体积小、效(xiao)率高的(de)(de)特点(dian)。线性电(dian)源的(de)(de)效(xiao)率为30%～55稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)电(dian)路%；而开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)可达60%～85%，而且可以(yi)省去(qu)工频变压(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)和巨大(da)的(de)(de)散热器(qi)，体积和重量都大(da)为减(jian)小。这种(zhong)电(dian)路已在各种(zhong)电(dian)子设备(bei)中获得广泛的(de)(de)应用。常用的(de)(de)实现开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)方(fang)法；有(you)自(zi)激式开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)、脉宽调制(zhi)式开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)和直流变换(huan)式开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)等(deng)。
上图是采(cai)用直(zhi)流(liu)变(bian)(bian)(bian)换器(qi)的(de)开(kai)关(guan)稳(wen)压(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)框图。对工频(pin)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)直(zhi)接(jie)整(zheng)流(liu)-滤波(bo)后获得(de)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，由(you)开(kai)关(guan)管(guan)(guan)变(bian)(bian)(bian)为(wei)(wei)高(gao)频(pin)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)。后者(zhe)经(jing)高(gao)频(pin)换流(liu)变(bian)(bian)(bian)压(ya)器(qi)变(bian)(bian)(bian)为(wei)(wei)一定的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，再(zai)经(jing)高(gao)频(pin)整(zheng)流(liu)－滤波(bo)以后给出所(suo)(suo)需的(de)输出电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)u0；开(kai)关(guan)管(guan)(guan)的(de)工作受脉冲(chong)调(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)和驱动放大器(qi)的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)。当输出电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)u0发生变(bian)(bian)(bian)化时，来自输出端的(de)取样信(xin)(xin)号经(jing)比(bi)较(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路产生误差信(xin)(xin)号，然后通(tong)过(guo)脉冲(chong)调(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)来控制(zhi)(zhi)开(kai)关(guan)管(guan)(guan)的(de)开(kai)关(guan)工作比(bi)，从而(er)使(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)变(bian)(bian)(bian)换器(qi)的(de)输出保持(chi)稳(wen)定。开(kai)关(guan)管(guan)(guan)是在饱和区断(duan)续工作的(de)，所(suo)(suo)以功耗较(jiao)线性电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)调(diao)整(zheng)管(guan)(guan)为(wei)(wei)小，因而(er)效(xiao)率较(jiao)高(gao)。稳(wen)压(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路大功率电(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)稳(wen)压(ya)器(qi)是有补偿变(bian)(bian)(bian)压(ya)器(qi)，调(diao)压(ya)器(qi)，控制(zhi)(zhi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路，检测电(dian)(dian)(dian)路和操作电(dian)(dian)(dian)路组成。
在输(shu)入(ru)直流电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)和负(fu)载(zai)之间串联(lian)入(ru)一(yi)个三极(ji)管(guan)，用(yong)三极(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)压(ya)(ya)降代替稳压(ya)(ya)二极(ji)稳压(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路管(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中的(de)(de)(de)稳压(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R。当Ui或(huo)变化(hua)引起输(shu)出(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)RL变化(hua)时,Uo的(de)(de)(de)变化(hua)将反映到三极(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)发射结(jie)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya) UBE上，引起UCE的(de)(de)(de)变化(hua),从(cong)而调(diao)整Uo,以(yi)保持输(shu)出(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本稳定。根据三极(ji)管(guan)所起的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，称为(wei)调(diao)整管(guan)。由(you)于调(diao)整管(guan)与(yu)负(fu)载(zai)是(shi)串联(lian)关系，所以(yi)图15-2-1称为(wei)串联(lian)型稳压(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。它主要(yao)由(you)基(ji)准(zhun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)、比(bi)较放大(da)(da)、取样(yang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和调(diao)整元件(jian)组成。比(bi)较放大(da)(da)可以(yi)是(shi)单管(guan)放大(da)(da)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、差动放大(da)(da)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、集成运算放大(da)(da)器(qi)。调(diao)整元件(jian)可以(yi)是(shi)单个功率管(guan)，复合管(guan)或(huo)用(yong)几个功率管(guan)并联(lian)，取样(yang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路取出(chu)输(shu)出(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya) 的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部分和基(ji)准(zhun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)VREF比(bi)较。
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